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An article on flood control

I. INTRODUCTION
The optimal use of water resources through conservation measures and proper management is critical in maintaining life support systems. The structure of water demand is shifting towards a gradual but steady increasing pressure for drinking and for domestic and commercial needs of the irrigation demand, the new trend is less water demanding perennial crops rather than crops seasonal. Progress in this sense is very limited and flood control works are still on conventional lines, such as strengthening of banks, construction retaining walls, retaining walls,

He has not tried in the past to evaluate the impact of floods, intensity, pattern of occurrence and the vulnerability of different regions. Flood protection is only possible after identifying the cause of flooding at its source. So intends to organize a group of WISE in large river systems that are vulnerable to flooding, identify the causes of flooding and its intensity

Goal II:
It is the purpose of this document to promote public health, safety and general welfare and minimize public and private losses due to flood conditions in areas of specific provisions to:
A. To protect human life and health;
B. To reduce the expenditure of public funds for projects costly flood control;
C. To minimize the need for rescue efforts and flood relief, and generally performed at the expense of the public in general;
D. To minimize interruptions in working hours;
E. To minimize damage to public facilities and public services as water and gas mains, electricity, telephone and sewerage, streets and bridges located in areas of special flood hazard;
F. To help keep a stable tax base by providing for the use of second and Development areas of special flood hazard to minimize future flood areas blight;
G. To ensure that potential buyers are notified that the property is in an area of special flood hazard;
H. To ensure that those who occupy areas of special flood hazard assume responsibility for their actions.

III The causes of flooding:
When it rains or snows, some water is retained in soil, some is absorbed by vegetation, some evaporates, and the remaining flow channel that reaches, is called runoff. Flooding occurs when the soil and vegetation can not absorb water, water, and then executes the land in quantities that can not be transported or stored in natural channels in reservoirs and ponds built. About 30 percent of all runoff from rainfall and melting snow mass can increase this amount. Periodic floods occur naturally in many rivers, forming an area known as the floodplain. These courses are usually flood water following heavy rain, sometimes combined with fusion of snow, causing rivers to overflow, a flood that rises and falls rapidly with little or no warning is called a flash flood. Flash floods usually result from heavy rainfall in a relatively small. Coastal areas are occasionally flooded by unusually high tides caused by strong winds on the surface of the ocean, or the tsunamis by submarine earthquakes These flood losses are caused by the cumulative effect of obstructions in areas of special flood risk, which increase flood heights and velocities, and when poorly anchored, damage uses in other areas. Applications that are not sufficiently protected flood, the elevation or other flood protection also contribute to flood loss
IV EFFECTS OF FLOODING:
effects of flooding not only property damage and endanger the lives of humans and animals, but also others. runoff causes soil erosion and rapid sedimentation problems downstream. Spawning grounds for fish and other wildlife habitats are often destroyed. At higher current velocities high flood damage, flood prolonged period of high traffic and interfere with drainage, and economic use of land. Bridge abutments, bank lines, sewage outfalls and other structures within flood damaged, and navigation and hydropower are often questionable. Losses Financial due to flooding are often millions of dollars each year. Flood risk areas of the city are subject to periodic flooding results in the loss of life and property, health and safety, disruption of commerce and governmental services, extraordinary public expenditures for protection against floods and relief, and impairment of the tax base, which harm public health, safety and general welfare.When, rain, flood control channels, rivers, and washes filled with fast-moving water, and this can cause a potentially lethal hazard for anyone who is caught or take home.
"One or two feet of water can cost you your life! Almost half of deaths from flooding associated with the car. Two feet of water will carry most cars. Also also avoid walking through the waters, up to six inches of water can drag their feet. "

A flash flood is a torrent of water rushing through streams, usually dry or low flow of streams, washes, gullies, sewers, or soil at low altitude. In desert areas, a stream of water can leave the mountains for miles in a relatively flat terrain. The violence of the rushing water to collect the debris and mud as it moves and becomes the destroyer of all in its path.
V Anti flood
The basic methods to combat floods have been practiced since antiquity. These methods include reforestation and construction of dikes, dams, reservoirs and canals Floods (artificial canals that divert water for irrigation).
1. One effective method of control of flood waters is the construction of dams and reservoirs coordinated groups in the headwaters of streams that lead to major rivers, so water can stored for periods of heavy runoff is gradually released during dry seasons
2. People have created a flooding problem by cutting down trees and dig up ground vegetation cover, increasing soil erosion. Flood control in these areas has been directed towards the restoration of vegetation and the establishment effective methods of land management such as crop rotation and contour plowing.
3. Another method of flood control is the construction flood on the lower reaches of rivers to divert water. The rivers are expanded on some points and allowed to overflow. Floods in some areas that are preventing flooding other areas.
4. In the past, agricultural land was considered that only the role of food production, but now is considered to have several functions such as flood protection, promotion of water resources, and so on.
5. Flood Control Equipment for integrated projects flood control, the focus has been in the construction of the embankment, in coordination with the redesign of the courses of rivers, dredging and the introduction of pumping stations located off the main drain pipe behind the dams, so the rain water pump that can be evacuated by the gravitational force in the city
6. More flood bank The main objective of banking supervision in the flood control is mainly used to protect property near the creek flooding.
7. Barriers Flood Barriers to provide variable height flood protection all doors and windows, preserving the visual integrity of the building. The dikes are ideal for protection against floods homes, shops and outlets. Recommended uses are doors and windows in the entrances of the House  ¨ ¨ and local companies garages · Shops and Stores

8. Gate Designed to provide maximum shock protection and water gates afford to let our property with the confidence that our products, facilities and property are protected in all conditions of flooding, but the overwhelming majority. Recommended use commercial and industrial buildings likely to be overlooked when flooding occurs. properties can be isolated and evacuated during the floods in court
.
Gates can be provided to protect up to a height of 1.8 meters of flooding and an installed capacity of 6 meters wide.
9. Dams Dam removable removable system was designed to provide a similar level of protection to permanent protection schemes flood, but with the advantage of being different removable when not needed – to preserve the integrity of the landscape and architecture. The system can be used between existing structures, but was primarily designed to be completely self-sufficient in almost any distance and can be specified for virtually any how high flooding. Recommended use: – roads, subways, foot embankment, industrial complexes, shopping centers

-Correction Services 11.Flood All service buildings against flooding double glazing – electric, gas, roads and sewers – must also be protected against flooding. special valves can protect the sewers and water pipes, telephone equipment and transformers must be located above the design flood levels. auxiliary generators can be installed, and hydraulic lines, roads, access to buildings and bridges must be protected. Buried power lines and lines gas should be located and designed to resist damage from erosion and flooding potential uplift forces.
Basic prevention methods flood
1. Buildings located on the docks, pilings, columns or load bearing structures WallsElevating above the flood level of the project in some way support provided reliable protection against damage due to flooding. This method makes efficient use of land, does not increase the flood level, and has little negative effect on flood flows.
2. Add reduced level of compact (closed Seal and Method) protection against flooding in lower levels of the buildings in their oppression cons of water leakage, must be sufficiently robust to withstand the lateral pressure cracks and water lifting.
3. Some buildings with retaining walls or berms: This method usually involves the same considerations as those necessary to design small dams. It has several disadvantages such as increasing the possibility of catastrophic failure and it is not possible for individual buildings in dense urban areas.

Our house 4.Floodproofinr
We can play an active role in protecting our proprietary case of flooding, both before and during the floods. Methods of prevention:
· You can divert water from our property taking into account or the construction of an earth embankment. Both may require a permit to consult with the Planning and Development of the County first.
• The construction of swales (shallow ditches) and retention areas (depressions) are other effective methods flood prevention. Once again, we need to check to see if a permit is required.
• If drainage is a problem of roof, gutters can help to runoff direct.
· Another way to protect a building against flooding is by raising the building. This can be expensive, but can be very profitable.
• During flood
· Place a sheet of plastic or water resistant paper doors and windows other
• If evacuation is necessary and only if time permits:
· Turn off electricity at the main switch and turn off gas at main valve.
· Move valuable papers and possessions personal to the upper floors or higher elevations.
· Move outdoor possessions inside the anchor, or tie them not letting go.
· Keep a battery radio at hand and listening to a radio station local emergency follow all emergency instructions.
· Move to high ground or an emergency shelter set up. If it is safe to evacuate by car, take nonperishable food, blankets, flashlight, dry clothes, and special medicines with us. Note that many shops and service stations will be closed from pumps and records can not function if the electricity was cut.
• Do not drive where water is on the road of the road may be washed or to be much deeper than it seems.
· When we return to our home and I think that was flooded, first check for structural damage. Then ventilate the house gas in case of losses. Do not switch the gas or electricity until utility officials to be sure that no gas leaks and short circuits.
VI. Methods reduction of flood losses:
To achieve its objectives, including methods and provisions for:
(1) restrict or prohibit uses which are hazardous to health, safety and property due to water or erosion, or wear increases erosion or flood heights or velocities harmful;
(2) Require that uses vulnerable to floods, including facilities which serve such uses, be protected against flood damage at the time of initial construction;
(3) Control the alteration of natural floodplains, stream channels and natural barriers, which help accommodate flood waters or channel;
(4) Control filling, grading, dredging and other development that may increase flood damage and
(5) Preventing or regulating construction of flood barriers which, of course, to divert the waters or may increase flood hazards in other areas
VII CONCLUSION
The problem of flood control had a national importance due to more frequent and intense flooding in all major river valleys as a result deforestation. Many aspects of flood control can be handled by states or groups of states acting on a regional basis Anime flood mapping programs to develop more effective flood control maintenance and restoration of forest cover, improve the soil's ability to absorb heavy rains. Sure that home buyers and real estate are fully informed of the risks of flooding. More appropriate measures to supplement soil conservation existing systems. Improvement and modernization of flood control measures in force.

About the Author

BE civil,M.E civil, Water resources study area

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