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Interaction fresh as a two-state problem

Interaction fresh as a two-state problem

By: Dmitriy Plotnikov, physical

Plotnikov Simon, Rutgers University

9 Smith Court

Hillsborough, NJ 08 844

908 240 0181

idsomal@patmedia.net

"Do not believe your eyes to the world is an illusion." – Unknown

As a theoretical physicist, I've always studied the fundamental forces nature. Although my son took general chemistry in college, his first year, I glanced at the textbook he used. As described more of what we learn in high school and college with respect to general chemistry. When browsing the articles concerning the ionic bonds, I decided to sink further. What was written in the book and what is accepted in the chemistry of today is that ionic bonds are the result of the Coulomb force between two opposite charges. If you take a salt simple, NaCl, and calculate the strength of the union with Coulomb's law:

=

And then do the same with another simple salt, KCl, you will find that values must be quite similar, the only real difference is a change in the radius used in nanometers. But the real bond strength is very different from what can be calculated using the formula simple. I wondered, are held together by the Coulomb potential sales? What we can even say with the Coulomb force? Is it even exist? Try to use logic to explain why the nature of Coulomb, you will not find Never monatomic hydrogen. If you follow the logic, existantance not monatomic hydrogen in nature is a total contradiction of the Coulomb law. What led me to study this aspect of physics and chemistry has been the question of what interaction, if any, between the opposite charges, and may be described as a problem of two states? The search for an answer to this question I was very happy, but can lead to new questions, especially on the situation of general chemistry on Wednesday. All today's general chemistry is based on concept of electromagnetic field, but must overcome and achieve more fields such exist. All natural forces are the result of interactions, and the amount and combination of various interactions. In this article we hope to open the minds of chemists and physicists, in particular, understanding the chemical bond and "electromagnetic interaction."

Primary dipole

It starts by considering a closed system in which two particles, a proton and an electron as a quantum system, because we are only looking at the interaction between two counts.

The coordinates of the particles is X1 and the coordinates of the second particle is X2, the point is located between points X1 and X2 with distance (X1 + X2) / 2. Power point will be determined by the combination of different probability amplitudes of the loads on the basis that the particle is the occupation X1 and X2. Taking into account that the probability amplitude of Y there are two combinations: ÷ + – ÷ N o – N +. We note that the probability amplitude Will there be two states Basic, C1 and C2, where:

C1 – is the probability amplitude that the protons are at the point X1 and X2 occupy the electron point.

C2 – is the probability amplitude that the electron proton concerned about X1 and X2 occupy point.

The total range of the probability of having either a combination can be estimated as the sum of the states of the database:

Y ÷ = + – + N ÷ – N + = C1 + C2

To determine the energy point X, the Hamiltonian system of equations to be used.

The solution of the system of differential equations is the function of Cn:

After the replacement of C1 and C2 with the function Cn the following system of equations is constructed and resolves:

After taking on both sides of the equation and dividing by the latter we have a new set of equations:

The coefficient is described by the equation:

After to replace the equation we obtain the system of equations:

Suppose

From the equations written above we can solve the energy value

The value of energy

=

After taking the determinant of the matrix by the following:

= 0

We get the value of energy

  =

After the resolution of our system of equations we can deduce that the point you have two possible states of energy, E1 and E2. The amplitude of probability of either state energy can be described as the sum of the two individual amplitudes E1 and E2:

Y (E1, E2) = Y1 (E1) + Y2 (E2)

We assume a closed system of two charges, to the point, two different energy levels can occur.

Y (E1, E2) =

We assume that in the above equation and the coefficients are equal.

Y (E1, E2) =

Y (E1, E2) = 2 ×

The probability amplitude This item will have the energy E1 or E2 can be described by the harmonic function that depends on time. Knowing this, we can see that this process is constant and continuous in time. All these findings Mathematics is needed to understand how two opposite charges in space, can be formed at any point in space two levels different energy E1 and E2. Knowing this, we can move towards our second discussion, which to me is more interesting and intriguing.

The primary appearance of coins

Consider a closed system with four charges, two positive and two negative. From the above discussion, we assume already have two different energy levels associated with each point. But in a closed system can not have two systems with equivalent energy levels. This means the energy E1 and E2 is the aura of energy. Assuming that E1> E2.

C1, which is the amplitude when the probability that the system has an energy E1

C2, which is the probability amplitude that the system has two E2 Energy

1 System streams with a condition more energetically favorable, it does so by reducing your energy level. By this reasoning, a power system release is received by the system 2, which in turn should increase your energy level.

A probability amplitude, ÷ 1>, the current system is a free energy and energy come to E2.

Similarly, a probability amplitude, ÷ 2>, which produce two energy system will accept a system A and reach the level of energy E1.

This process can go in the opposite direction. The amplitude of this overall process can be written as:

Y = 1N 2N + ÷ ÷.

This interaction is very similar to other quantum interactions such as chemical, nuclear and gravitational.

Based on the documents already examined and the equations of the global probability amplitude can be described by the following equation.

Y (E1, E2) = 2 × 2 × =

The exchange of energy is constant in time.

Now, it becomes obvious that the reason which a force of attraction between charges.

An interesting note, two elementary charges, a proton and an electron, do not attract or repel each other at all. basic attraction can occur in a system with four charges, two positive and two negative. Coulomb Our old friend was not correct. Fast forward and we need that.

The emergence of exchange continues Basic

The system of equations shows that 1N ÷ aura of energy E1 and E2 has 2n ÷ energy.

Where:

To find a general solution for the system of equations, we combine the two equations together.

Now we take the difference of the two equations.

Continuing with our mathematical analysis:

If b = 0,

If a = 0,

After doing some calculations, we have two more solutions of final equations.

All these equations are the continuous increase and the abandonment of energy and.

The total range of the probability of finding a point in one of the possible energy states can be described by the equation:

Y =

In a system with two dipoles There is a continuous exchange of energy elemental parts. This occurs because the two points and have different energy levels. The transition from one energy state to another is to transfer an elementary part of energy A, which accepts another dipole boost your energy. This continuous exchange of energy in time is what we gives an attractive force between charges.

The emergence of spin elementary charge

Suppose in a closed system, we have two dipoles. Dipole is a point of S with two different energy levels associated with it. Dipole 2 display at the point K, which are also two different energy levels. Listen the fact that the negative charge in the dipole associated with a positive dipole charge 2 to create a new dipole dipole 3. Similarly, the positive charge of a dipole enter into partnership with the negative charge of the dipole dipole 2 to form 4. 3 Dipole form in Section V and will have two different energy levels associated dipole and four form the point T and others have two different energy levels associated with it. We will choose a basic state of this aura of energy E1 S ground state is assumed the energy T E2. Base State will assume that the point K E1 is the energy associated with it. Finally, the ground state V E2 assume this energy point associated with it.

E1> E2

The probability amplitude that the point S will be below the level of energy to the direction of point or point V T will be:

= +

The probability amplitude that the point T accepts the energy that comes from S and K while increasing your energy level will be:

= +

Amplitude probability that the point K will reduce their energy toward the direction of the letter V or point T be:

= +

The probability amplitude that the point V accepts the energy emanating from S or K and at the same time to meet your energy level will be:

= +

From this, we construct a system of four equations:

In this system, we assume that E1 = E4 = E2 E3, whereas

Calculation of energy levels:

From this system of equations that we put in a matrix, we obtain that determinant.

det = 0

After resolution of the determinant, we get two different energy levels;

E1, 3 = A + 2 E2, 4 = 2

After making these calculations, we obtain the equation of spin elementary charge.

If B is a complex number that depends R and R is the distance between the points of S, K, T and V.

There are only two directions in which energy is released from points 1 and 3, clockwise or counterclockwise. The right turn will create a space, while the left one will watch one spin down. The description of exchange energies between the four counts brought us to problem two states. The energy of spin up and spin down energy.

The energy exchange between two spin systems supporting in a Cartesian opposites.

In a Cartesian closed system, we have two contradictory systems spin dependent. The base state of the system is supposed to have a level of energy, while the base state is assumed that the system has two energy levels.

E1> E2

R – radius vector

After our mathematical calculation, we obtain the function probability amplitude depends on our radius vector R.

If a = 0, our system of two equations, here, where the probability amplitude depends only on x:

If R = 0,

From this equation, we can determine which coordinate x, the probability amplitude for the exchange energy drops to zero.

This means, at this point particular, the spin energy exchange dropped below zero.

The probability amplitude decreases the amplitude of the oscillations as a function downward swing. We obtain the points where the probability amplitude for the exchange of energy is equal to 0, and vice versa, you get points for a probability amplitude, where the energy exchange is maximal. This explains the distribution of orbits of the electrons / orbital within the atomic structure. This charge distribution which reminds us a lot to the gravitational interactions. However, different gravitational interactions spin energy levels give us the spin of particles elementary. (See previous article, exercise gravitational interaction as a problem of two states.)

In our case, the interaction is caused by a load.

When levels of Spin

The equation for the level of Spin

As has been in previous discussions, the two dipoles are combined to form four points in space in two different energy levels, E1 and E2. different address for the exchange energy, clockwise or counterclockwise, can be considered spin and spin-down and description of this mechanism returns a two-state problem.

E1> E2

Through trial and error, we can derive the equation to determine the different levels of rotational energy:

DE = ½ T ½ 4n

This figure shows four counts of first-rate training energy of rotation. First Energy level shift is described by the equation:

DE1 = 4 ½ ½ L e

Where n is the energy level.

In the first energy level

n = 1

The constant East

e - is the magnitude of the load.

 

 

 

 

 

The second energy level shift, where

n = 2

It can be described by the equation

DE2 = 16 ½ ½ T

As seen in a system with eight dipoles, spin spring with a second energy level with a shift towards spin up and down.

In the two examples above, we have examined a system where a spin and n = n = 2, it can be inferred from our logic-turning Most systems with n = 3, n = 4 and n = N exist. All these problems affect different rotational energy levels of the whole problem can be summarized in two states with spin up and spin down, the difference in level between the two systems is only a difference in the magnitude of energy.

The problem with hydrogen monatomic

Let us now consider the hydrogen atom. For a reason in the nature of a diatomic molecule

Hydrogen exists. An immediate question has to go, why there is no hydrogen atom? By the logic of the classical Coulomb force, there must be an attraction between a positively charged proton and a negatively charged electron with the creation of an ideal system that should exist in large quantities in nature. However, you will difficult to find anywhere. The question is why? This is the first question that must arise, and the second in a Coulomb force of attraction between a proton positively charged and one negatively charged electron, the electron must fall on the proton. However, never seen. Since monatomic hydrogen is never found in nature, we can say that an electron behaves as if you never see, including a proton in this system. Another question that arises now is, what is the Coulomb force of attraction between positive and negative charges. If there is some force of attraction, can not be the Coulomb force. Now leave the explanation of the physical and chemical strength Coulomb. "Within an atom, the electron is pulled the core because of the Coulomb force, because the sign of their charges is different, but the only attraction operates at a certain distance, because immediately the forces of repulsion of the atomic step to push the electrons away. "This is too funny, is not it? But ask yourself this question, what is the atomic repulsion within the atom. It is not a chemist or physicist will give you a concrete answer. The answer is simple: the repulsive force is not atomic. This was seen to put our precious Coulomb's law. But we are in the field of physics, not to preserve history. I challenge you to say that the effect of pushing electrons outside the nucleus, some force seems to be pushing. I do not agree with all my heart, because it seems that electrons are expelled, but just try to explain these interactions without using Coulomb's law. You may wonder how? The answer is quite simple.

Take your monatomic hydrogen, which can be found in nature, and just call it a proton and an electron, an interaction can not exist because their state of mind are two different particles. The interactions may exist between the particles of the type or similar systems, or will not work. Following this logic, hydrogen monatomic its not.

Take one of our closed system, where you can find a dipole containing a proton and an electron, and now this system, a dipole second with an electron and a proton.

Dipole 1 will now create an energy level to the point, dipole 2 now create another level of energy to point, and it obviously can not be the same and because our system is closed, a probability amplitude release this energy and will have a different energy, if> then choose to try to lower your energy in the direction, and in turn increase your energy level. This will create an exchange between the points and high school. This is the reason you never find in nature monatomic hydrogen, the molecular hydrogen exists.

Now the attention to the fact that a dipole dipole dipole and 2 give two more 3 and 4, see Figure 3F, which will also result in differences in energy levels and also conducted exchange energy between them. The binding energy between the two parts of a hydrogen molecule can be described by the equation:

DE1 + DE2 DEH2 = (E1 – E2) + (E1 – E2) = 2 (E1 – E2)

Where is the binding energy of a molecule DEH2 hydrogen.

If one pays attention to this debate, then you will notice that the spin could occur. I could say that the closed loop system around can not be done because no counter rotation which is the energy exchange. Being two for the turn out, our system is closed. However, if you are within our system of two dipoles more then a broad opportunity for exchange of energy that occur between our first group of dipoles and our second group. You may find yourself asking another question, why which the binding energy is not simply DEH2 take the point and the crisis and all. The answer I have already given in my previous equations, the answer lies in the fact that the amplitude probability of energy exchange depends on the radius vector R between the points and the harmonic function.

Y ~

In this equation, we can see that at different R coordinates the probability amplitude for an exchange of energy to produce drops to zero, and vice versa there is a point of reference where I amplitude probability of occurrence of the energy exchange is high. So if you try to bring the two dipoles close to return to their homes as the probability amplitude these points lower to zero.

Energy the sign is equal to the repulsion energy in the same exact time. Of this figure, we can sense that the radius of a hydrogen molecule

HR = 9.10 m 2 *

References

Richard Feynman, Robert B. Leighton, Matthew Sands, The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Addison-Wesley Enterprise Edition, Inc., Reading Massachusetts, Palo Alto, London, 1963

Virgilio Acosta, Clyde L. Cowan, BJ Graham, Fundamentals of Modern Physics, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York, New York, Evanston, San Francisco, London, 1981

PW Atkins, JA Beran, General Chemistry, 2nd edition, Scientific American Books, New York, 1990

Ronald J. Tallarida, Pocket Book of integrals and mathematical formulas, 2nd edition, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Ann Arbor, London, Tokyo, 1992

AA Petrov, AT HB Balyon Troshinko, General Organic Chemistry, 2nd edition, higher education, Moscow, 1981

LA Sena, unique units and their physical measurements, Department of General Physics Mathematics Literature, Moscow, 1988

John Gribbin, In Search of Schrödinger's Cat, Bantam Books, New York, Toronto, London, Sydney, Auckland, 1984

Rolf. E. Hummel, the electronic properties of materials, 2nd edition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1985

Charles W. Misner, Kip S. Thorne, John Archibald Wheeler, Gravitation, WH Freeman and Company, New York, London 2000

Ben G. Streetman, semiconductor devices, electronic Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs NJ, 1995

KD Stroyan, calculations using Mathematica, Academic Press, Inc., Boston, San Diego, New York, Los

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